Table 2. Descriptive statistics (group)

Variables		Mean	Std. dev	Min	Max	Observations
OPP	Overall	1.110	0.410	1	6	N	49,953
	Between		0.275	1	5.25	n	9,652
	Within		0.322	–1.307	5.276	T̅	5.175
Social media use	Overall	1.495	1.105	1	6	N	49,953
	Between		0.779	1	6	n	9,652
	Within		0.801	–2.505	5.661	T̅	5.175
Telecommunication cost	Overall	5.031	1.921	1	11	N	46,658
	Between		1.621	1	11	n	9,282
	Within		1.119	–0.802	12.198	T̅	5.027
Privacy concern	Overall	3.651	1.648	1	8	N	49,953
	Between		0.882	1	8	n	9,652
	Within		1.429	–2.182	9.401	T̅	5.175
Income level	Overall	2.974	2.031	1	8	N	49,953
	Between		1.901	1	8	n	9,652
	Within		0.752	–2.693	8.807	T̅	5.175
Age group	Overall	5.113	2.017	1	8	N	49,953
	Between		2.055	1	8	n	9,652
	Within		0.289	4.280	5.946	T̅	5.175
Education level	Overall	3.801	1.144	1	6	N	49,953
	Between		1.142	1	6	n	9,652
	Within		0.210	1.301	5.634	T̅	5.175
Marriage status (1=married)	Overall	0.304	0.460	0	1	N	49,953
	Between		0.468	0	1	n	9,652
	Within		0.065	–0.529	1.138	T̅	5.175
Religious affilication (1=yes)	Overall	0.307	0.461	0	1	N	49,953
	Between		0.339	0	1	n	9,652
	Within		0.318	–0.526	1.141	T̅	5.175
Employment status (1=hired)	Overall	0.512	0.500	0	1	N	49,953
	Between		0.461	0	1	n	9,652
	Within		0.201	–0.321	1.345	T̅	5.175

OPP, online political participation.